Injury

 Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by an external force.[1] This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and other causes.[1] Major trauma is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death. In 2013, 4.8 million people world-wide died from injuries, up from 4.3 million in 1990.[2] More than 30% of these deaths were transport-related injuries.[2] In 2013, 367,000 children under the age of five died from injuries, down from 766,000 in 1990.[2] Injuries are the cause of 9% of all deaths, and are the sixth-leading cause of death in the world.[3][4]

Injury
Xraymachine.JPG
The knee of a person is examined with the help of radiography after an injury.
SpecialtyEmergency medicine, traumatology 
Cat scratches on an arm.

ClassificationEdit

Deaths from injuries per million persons in 2012
  203-358
  359-428
  429-483
  484-559
  560-637
  638-716
  717-817
  818-939
  940-1,140
  1,141-2,961
Deaths from intentional injuries per million persons in 2012
  14-65
  66-89
  90-114
  115-137
  138-171
  172-193
  194-226
  227-291
  292-379
  380-2,730

The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI). Under this system, injuries are classified by:

  • mechanism of injury;
  • objects/substances producing injury;
  • place of occurrence;
  • activity when injured;
  • the role of human intent;

and additional modules. These codes allow the identification of distributions of injuries in specific populations and case identification for more detailed research on causes and preventive efforts.[5]

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics developed the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). Under this system injuries are classified by

  • nature,
  • part of body affected,
  • source and secondary source, and
  • event or exposure.

The OIICS was first published in 1992 and has been updated several times since.[6]

The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS), previously OSICS, is used to classify injuries to enable research into specific sports injuries.[7][8]

By causeEdit

  • Causes for injuries fall under two categories: intentional and accidental. Intentional injuries include acts of violence and war, or be can self-imposed like suicide or self-harm. Accidental injuries can come from falling or motor vehicle accidents.[9] Some cases of accidental injuries are injury by stingray or lightning injuries.

By modalityEdit

  • Trauma
    • Traumatic injuries are a body wound or shock produced by sudden physical collision or movement. Injuries associated with trauma are avulsion, bone fracture, injury by blast, internal bleeding and catastrophic injuries.
  • Strain, repetitive strain, or sprain
    • Strain and repetitive strain are injuries to muscles or tendons. Sprain is an injury to a ligament or ligaments.[10]
  • Toxins
    • Injury from toxin or as adverse effect of a pharmaceutical drug.
  • Other external or internal injuries
    • Other injuries can be from external causes, such as radiation, burn or frostbite. These injuries can include radiation-induced lung injury and microwave burn. Injuries from internal causes include reperfusion injury.

By locationEdit

Skin:

  • Wound, an injury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.

Head:

  • Head injury
  • Penetrating head injury
  • Closed head injury

Eyes:

  • Eye injury
  • Chemical eye injury
  • Eye injuries during general anaesthesia

Brain:

  • Brain injury
  • Acquired brain injury
  • Coup contrecoup injury
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  • Frontal lobe injury

Nerves:

  • Nerve injury
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Brachial plexus injury
  • Sciatic nerve injury
  • Injury of axillary nerve

Soft tissue, musculoskeletal and organs:

  • Soft tissue injury
  • Tracheobronchial injury
  • Acute kidney injury
  • Anterior cruciate ligament injury
  • Musculoskeletal injury
  • Articular cartilage injuries
  • Acute lung injury
  • Pancreatic injury
  • Thoracic aorta injury
  • Biliary injury

Body:

  • Lisfranc injury
  • Knee injury
  • Medial knee injuries
  • Back injury
  • Hand injury
  • Chest injury

By activityEdit

  • sports[11]
    • concussion
    • strain
    • shoulder injury
    • pulled muscle
  • rock climbing[12]
    • finger injury
    • knuckle injury
    • Lead climbing injuries
  • Reverse bite injury
  • Occupational injury
  • Ventilator-associated lung injury
  • Sea urchin injury
  • Illness and injuries during spaceflight

Injury severity scoreEdit

The injury severity score (ISS) is a medical score to assess trauma severity.[13][14] It correlates with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma (polytrauma), recognized when the ISS is greater than 15.[14] The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine designed and updates the scale.

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 Metasyntactic variable, which is released under the 
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